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Ketorolac is an important medication used for pain management. It belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This drug works by blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are substances that cause pain, fever, and inflammation in the body. Ketorolac is available in the form of tablets, injectables, and eye drops.
Structure of Ketorolac
Ketorolac has the chemical formula C15H13NO3. It is a colorless crystalline powder with a melting point of 156-157°C. The drug has a pKa value of 3.5 for the carboxylic acid group and 10.4 for the phenolic hydroxyl group. The molecular weight of Ketorolac is 255.27 g/mol.
Ketorolac Description
Ketorolac is a potent NSAID that is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It has a rapid onset of action and provides effective pain relief within 30 minutes of administration. The drug is highly protein-bound and has a half-life of 4-6 hours. Ketorolac is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine.
The mechanism of action of Ketorolac is similar to other NSAIDs. It inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are responsible for the production of prostaglandins. By blocking the production of prostaglandins, Ketorolac reduces pain, fever, and inflammation.
Mechanism of Action of Ketorolac
Ketorolac acts by inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. It has been shown to have a higher affinity for COX-1 in animal studies. The drug blocks the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the inflammatory response and pain sensation. Ketorolac also reduces fever by decreasing the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus.
Ketorolac is available in the form of tablets, injectables, and eye drops. The usual dose for oral administration is 10-30 mg every 4-6 hours. The injection is given in a dose of 10-30 mg every 4-6 hours, up to a maximum of 120 mg per day. The eye drops are used at a dose of one drop in the affected eye(s) every 6-8 hours.
Side Effects of Ketorolac
Like all NSAIDs, Ketorolac has a number of potential side effects. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal in nature, including abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and dyspepsia. These side effects are due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the gut, which can lead to erosion of the mucosal lining. Ketorolac can also cause renal impairment, especially in patients with preexisting renal disease. Other potential side effects include bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Ketorolac should not be used in patients with a history of aspirin-induced asthma, aspirin sensitivity, or other NSAID hypersensitivity. The drug should be used with caution in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease, coagulation disorders, or renal impairment. Ketorolac should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Ketorolac is an important medication for the treatment of pain. Like all medications, it has potential side effects and contraindications. Patients should be monitored closely for adverse effects and the drug should be used judiciously in accordance with clinical guidelines.
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